Relationship Between The Worker And The Capitalist

In recent times, inequality has been found on high levels all around the world, this is due to how the market functions and the relationship between the worker and the capitalist. In this essay, the characteristics of Capitalism will be described followed by an analysis of how it produces wealth inequality, however a political economical approach will be used. Emphasized are the thoughts of Karl Marx and Adam Smith. To begin with, Adam Smith in his book Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations wondered why some countries were wealthier than others; he correlates wealth with civilized and poverty with savages (Levine, 2010). Therefore a wealthy nation is a civilized nation, whereas a poor nation is a savage nation. According to Smith, producing wealth depends on the individual’s goal. If the activity realized has recreational purposes, no wealth will be produced. On the other hand, producing wealth equals to producing commodities. A commodity is a service or good produced for exchange to satisfy needs and wants of an individual (Heywood: 2004). However, this commodity has a value in the market, where it is exchanged for capital. In a capitalist system, there is a free market. Anyone wanting to sell something can enter the market. Moreover, Levine describes capitalism as â€Å"an economic system in which the individual’s income and wealth depend primarily on the market value of his or her properties (including labor)† (2010: 40). In capitalism, the individual is judged â€Å"in termsShow MoreRelated`` Metropolis `` : The Film, Metropolis, By Karl Marx1721 Words   |  7 Pages capitalism. Marx, having observed the class conflict between the bourgeoisie (the capitalists) and the proletariat (the workers), said that in the capitalist system, the bourgeoisie take advantage of the proletariat for financial gains. With the introduction of modern industry, instead of helping the workers work less, machinery only worsened the conflict as capitalists utilized them for the wrong purposes that in turn suppressed the workers even more. Marx’s ideas have influenced countless celebritiesRead MoreExploitation And Societal Reorganization Of Karl Marx And Mary Wollstonecraft1709 Words   |  7 Pageshave observed the relationships between ruling and ruled classes of people. In Marx’s text Capital he discusses how there must exist a bourgeois class that exploits a class of proletarians in order for capitalism to exist. Mary Wollstonecraft in her work A Vindication of the Rights of Woman argues that a patriarchal society in which women are forced to depend on men for every aspect of their lives is exploitation and detrimental to everyone involved. A concept that is shared between these two worksRead MoreImperialism And Consumerism1365 Words   |  6 Pageshave maximum possible efficiency output, workers in developing nations under capitalist forces are often exploited heavily; on the other hand, one could argue that without the presence of corporations in nations lacking infrastructure or economic developm ent, many of the workers under these companies could not make a wage to live. This brings up a difficult topic relating to just how imperialism takes form under global capitalist influence: how global capitalist consumerism creates an unfair and exploitativeRead MoreIs the Job in Fast-Food Restaurant Exploitative?1480 Words   |  6 Pagesthe relationship between the capitalists and workers. It is claim that the value of a product is depended by how much labor has paid on it such as time, energy or ideas. Therefore the price of a product minus the cost and energy to produce a product or other sufficient usages should be equal to what a worker can earn. However, as the workers own nothing but their labor, they could only sell their labor to capitalists who own all other kinds of resources. Marx defined the value that capitalists takeRead MoreEssay about Karl Marx and a Capitalist Society764 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx and a Capitalist Society Through out history money, wealth and capital have dictated a way of life to the masses. Wealth dictated the lives that the rich lived and the lives of the poor that worked for and surrounded them. In some cultures your class could never be escaped in life, you had to wait for your next incarnation, while in other cultures the idea of wealth transcended a life and allowed for growth from one class to another. This is the reality of a capitalist society that wasRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Capitalism976 Words   |  4 Pagesa life and allowed for growth from one class to another. This is the reality of a capitalist society that was first discussed by Karl Marx in the 19th century. When Karl Marx first penned his shaping works on communism, he assumed that the relationship between workers and capital would always be opposing. While most rejected his overall theories, they did not argue with the basic idea that the interests of workers would always be at odds with those of owners. This is one of Marx s only theoriesRead MoreWhen We Read Capital Volume I By Karl Marx, It Can Certainly1198 Words   |  5 Pagesthough Marx was promoting an individuality in the worker and claiming the way people in a capitalist society behave is unnatural due to being constricted to the system of capitalism. This unnatural system then leads the worker and the capitalist to act in certain ways contrary to what is natural, this leading to an exploitative relationship between the two. However, this view of Marx’s belief neglects the fact that Marx himself equated the worker with economic categories, which are owned and controlledRead MoreMarxism Is A Method Of Socioeconomic A nalysis1495 Words   |  6 PagesMarxist analysis, class conflict within capitalism arises due to intensifying contradictions between highly productive mechanized and socialized production performed by the proletariat, and private ownership and appropriation of the surplus product in the form of surplus value by a small minority of private owners called the bourgeoisie. As the contradiction becomes apparent to the proletariat, social unrest between the two antagonistic classes intensifies, culminating in a social revolution. The eventualRead MoreThe Rana Plaza Building Collapse1489 Words   |  6 PagesThe collapsing of the Rana Plaza building in the Dhaka suburb of Savar, is a tragic incident that occurred on April 24, 2013 (Prashad 2013). The Rana Plaza building was the establishment that had workers who were the commodity of the production of garments that are sold to the Western market. A couple days post-collapse, it was reported that the death toll was well into the triple- digits. This paper will draw on the details of pre- and post- Rana Plazas collapsing while connecting it to Marx andRead MoreEmployee Attitudes Towards Pay By Marx Essay1725 Words   |  7 Pagesthe antagonistic struggle between the capitalist and worker. Victory goes necessarily to the capitalist. The capitalist can live longer without the worker than the worker without the capitalist†. The aforementioned philosophic statement by Marx opens for many issues to be debated between workers and employers, employment cadres and employment policies. From the statement one realize in the hands of the capitalists are resources in the form of pay or wages that a worker desires to have in their own

Alcohol vs. Marijuana Essay - 699 Words

Alcohol Vs. Marijuana Alcohol and marijuana are two drugs commonly used and abused in the United States. Alcohol is the number one abused drug, while marijuana is number one among illegal drugs. While alcohol remains legal, and marijuana illegal, this does not necessarily mean that the alcohol is better for you. There have been many arguments where people suggest that marijuana should be legal because alcohol is more deadly. On the other hand, there are alcoholics who would tell a pothead that smoking weed is bad for you. Both substances are very bad for your health and should not be heavily used by anyone. Marijuana has an immediate effect during and for about 2 hours after smoking. With alcohol, users feel slight effects after†¦show more content†¦Long-term effects of alcohol are liver cirrhosis, stomach ailments, impotence, vitamin deficiency, increased stroke risk, decreased mental performance, heart disease, peptic ulcers, hepatitis, and various forms of cancer. Alcohols effects on th e brain are loss of coordination, poor judgment, slowed reflexes, distorted vision, memory lapses, and even blackouts. Long-term effects of marijuana are mouth, throat, and lung cancer, increased heart rate, decrease in testosterone levels for men, increased testosterone levels for women, diminished sexual pleasure, increased blood pressure, increased stress, decreased motivation, and respiratory problems. The THC in marijuana damages the nerve cells in the part of the brain where memories are formed, making it hard to remember things. Both substances can lead to dependence, especially alcohol. If one abuses alcohol for to long and becomes dependent, they are considered to be an alcoholic. There has been debate on whether marijuana is addictive. Some experts believe that since there are no obvious withdrawal symptoms, it is not considered to be an addictive drug. Others claim that it is addictive because it takes the place of natural â€Å"feel good† chemicals in the br ain, so people become physically addicted. Alcoholism on the other hand, is considered a disease. Ten percent of people who drink will become alcoholics. There seems to be a genetic factorShow MoreRelatedEssay on Alcohol vs Marijuana1537 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol vs Marijuana There is no culture in the history of mankind that did not ever use some kind (kinds) of drugs. Despite the well-known consequences of drug addiction, millions of people constantly consume different legal and illegal drugs. Affecting peoples mind and changing their behavior, drugs become one of the most threatening factors of social risk, resulting in increasing rates of mortality, aggressive and criminal behavior, and dissolution of social ties. This paper is devoted toRead MoreMarijuana vs Alcohol Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pagestwenties, alcohol was sipped cautiously behind the walls of speakeasies; glasses clinking under the flashing lights of entertainment signs. The hippies of the sixties and seventies passed pipes of burning marijuana, promoting peace while protesting for the rights of millions of Americans. No doubt, both drugs have had a major influence on the country, both have had their â€Å"glory† days. After a time of prohibition, the once thought sinful substanc e of alcohol was re-legalized. Marijuana, on the otherRead More Alcohol vs. Marijuana Essay701 Words   |  3 PagesAlcohol vs. Marijuana Alcohol and marijuana are two drugs commonly used and abused in the United States. Alcohol is the number one abused drug, while marijuana is number one among illegal drugs. While alcohol remains legal, and marijuana illegal, this does not necessarily mean that alcohol is better for you. There have been many arguments where people suggest that marijuana should be legal because alcohol is more deadly. On the other hand, there are alcoholics who would tell a pothead thatRead MoreMarijuana vs. Alcohol in the United States Essay843 Words   |  4 PagesMarijuana vs. Alcohol In The United States Marijuana and alcohol are the two most threatening drugs used in America today. Marijuana is the most illicit drug while alcohol is the most abused. Both were illegal during the prohibition but when the constitution was ratified in 1933 alcohol was made legal while marijuana remained illegal. It does not mean that because alcohol is still legal it’s less dangerous than marijuana. 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Marijuana may not be for you, it may make you paranoid or uncomfortable, and no one should be forced to use it; but, legalizing marijuana in the United States would be beneficialRead MoreWhy Marijuana Should Be Legalized Essay1605 Words   |  7 PagesTable of Contents I. Introduction to Cannabis II. The History of Marijuana III. The Prohibition IV. Economic Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana V. The Medical Benefits of Marijuana VI. Marijuana vs. Alcohol and Tobacco VII. Marijuana Stimulates Creativity and Brain Cell Growth VIII. Conclusion Should marijuana be legalized for recreational and medical purposes? Thesis: Since marijuana is not harshly dangerous to one’s health nor is it a hard narcotic, it should beRead MoreThe Debate Over The Legalization Of Marijuana952 Words   |  4 Pagesconcern over the legalization of marijuana. The debate over the issue of marijuana and its legalization has been an immensely prevalent one in the nation over several years now. The issue of legalizing marijuana is truly a controversial one, and certainly one that requires a plethora of considerations at the top levels of the legislative branch. Legalizing marijuana would not only make it easily accessible to patients for treatment in states in which medicinal marijuana is currently not legal but wouldRead MoreMarijuana Addiction1162 Words   |  5 PagesBecoming Addicted to Marijuana â€Å"Marijuana is the most commonly used drug illegal drug in the world.† (â€Å"What is Marijuana†, 2013). It has recently become legal in a couple states, and more states are sure to follow their lead in the upcoming months. People can make the argument that marijuana does not have any negative effects, but they are wrong. Becoming addicted to marijuana is easy, and it only opens up the door for you to try other harmful drugs once marijuana quits getting you high. You need

Social Work Practice Using Casw Guidelines - 952 Words

Social work practice in Canada is guided by the Canadian Association of Social Workers (CASW) Code of Ethics. This Code of Ethics contains six core values and principles: respect for the inherent dignity and worth of persons, pursuit of social justice, service to humanity, integrity of professional practice, confidentiality, and competence (Canadian Association of Social Workers [CASW], 2005). Social workers who utilize both narrative and solution-focused therapies should fully understand the strengths and limitations of these theories in their professional practice using CASW guidelines. Additionally, social workers should examine if these single approaches are sufficiently comprehensive to address all of a client s problems, or if a more flexible, adaptable approach of eclecticism is more suited (Coady Lehmann, 2008). Gender Narrative therapy acknowledges that an individual s narrative is shaped by power/knowledge, social norms, gender, family, socioeconomic status, religion, values, etc. (Buckman et al., 2008). While, narrative therapy examines the social construction of individual narratives and the impact of larger meta-narratives, there is still room to explore gender further. Lee (1997) explains that narrative therapy does not trace gendering in any specific way. She proposes a revised feminist narrative approach that, ...pays attention to gendered meta-narratives and specifically analyzes the social construction and interpersonal co-constructions ofShow MoreRelatedEthical Decision On The Allowance Of Dual Relationships With A Client1868 Words   |  8 Pagesdilemmas in the field of social work. Dual relationships are an extremely common issue that can be defined as when a therapist and client have multiple relationships. These relationships could be a friendship, a family member, a romantic relationship, an online relationship, and/or a sexual relationship. It can be debated whether some of these relationships can be acceptable to maintain while in a therapist-patient relationship due to ethical principles, and guidelines that may be broken to participateRead MoreMy Personal Journey On Social Work8705 Words   |  35 PagesMy Personal Journey to Social Work The decision to pursue my education in social work at Dalhousie University was not an easy one. While I was growing up, my career choice changed all of them time, but I always knew that I wanted to do something fulfilling, in which I could â€Å"help† and support people. My mom was a nurse and always loved helping people; I always figured I would follow in her footsteps, however I learned at an early age that sciences do not come easy to me. Unfortunately, my mom lostRead MoreThe Sixties Scoop in Canada4155 Words   |  17 PagesCritical Social Work School of Social Work University of Windsor 401 Sunset Avenue Windsor, Ont. Canada N9B 3P4 Email: cswedit@uwindsor.ca Website: http://www.uwindsor.ca/criticalsocialwork/ Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information can be found at: http://uwindsor.ca/criticalsocialwork The online version of this article can be found at at: http://uwindsor.ca/criticalsocialwork/the http://uwindsor.ca/criticalsocialwork/the-sixties-scoop-implications-for-social-workersRead MoreHistory of Social Work18530 Words   |  75 PagesInstitute of Social Sciences Compiled by S.Rengasamy-History of Social Welfare / Social Work Contents History of Social Welfare/ Social Work ..........................................................................................................................3 The need to understand history of social work .............................................................................................................3 Framework to understand History of Social Welfare / Social Work ........

Entrepreneurial Business Planning for Unemployment-myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEntrepreneurial Business Planning for Unemployment. Answer: Overview There is the increasing dependency ratios and ageing workforce in the developed countries and they are attracting towards the policy research and older workers in terms of the promotion of self-employment and business start-ups. In recent years, due to the socio-demographic changes, unemployment and aging population is becoming an issue of the inclusive entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship focuses on the underprivileged group of population i.e. youth, women, ethics minorities, people with disabilities and seniors and add them in the entrepreneurial activities (Van Der Zwan, Verheul, Thurik Grilo, 2013). Senior entrepreneurship comes under the inclusive entrepreneurship which has aim to ensure that all the people have equal opportunities and rights to start and manage their own business. There are various policies and initiatives to support this type of entrepreneurship. This report focuses on the identifying the entrepreneurial process. Along with this, report identifies those issues which have to face by entrepreneurs during the start-up of new venture. Based on the secondary research, report analyzes the interest and relevance of the selected topic in the life cycle of an entrepreneurial venture. For the discussion, topic senior entrepreneurship is selected. This report is supported by the different reviews of literatures and secondary research (Maritz, 2015). Senior entrepreneurship It is the common belief that entrepreneurship is the game of young people. But it is observed that the relative returns of entrepreneurship from the individual age are reducing and people in the older demographics are becoming entrepreneurs. They are increasing the incentives and opportunities in the senior age ranges to consider entrepreneurship. The senior entrepreneurship can be defined as the process in which people having the age 50 plus participate in the business start-ups (Maritz et al, 2015). Literature review There are very researchers who researched on the topic of senior entrepreneurship. There is the lack of research investment on the senior entrepreneurship. However, there is one thing to gather the agreement in the recent research that senior entrepreneurship is an extremely diverse group in terms of motivations, intentions, entrepreneurial decision process, and evolved age. In other words, there are various factors affecting the senior entrepreneurship and those are typically different when people are the age of 5os or 60s or at different stages of life courses. There are some points which must be considered while understanding the concept of senior entrepreneurship. There are some significant drivers of senior entrepreneurship (Kautonen, 2008). Age vs. entrepreneurship- The research identifies the possibilities and benefits associated with the senior entrepreneurship. The opinion of the literature is different about the impact of age on starting a successful venture. Some researchers consider the age as the important for the success of entrepreneurial process. On the other hand, some found it as the barriers or constraints to hamper the establishment of specific phenomenon. According to various studies, people age between age of 25 and 35 are individuals who attempt the creation of new firm. It is observed that self-employed people tend to remain in the work force for longer time as compared to those who are employed by others (Lvesque Minniti, 2011). Due to this reason, the employment rate is decreasing continuously with the age. The percentage of older self-employed people is higher as compared to the younger people. There is one more fact regarding age in the entrepreneurship. According to the Kautonen (2014), age has direct impact on the entrep reneurial behavior. Based on this research, it is observed that the probability of the entrepreneurial behavior of self-employers improves with the age factor. Along with this, in terms of the performance of organization, older entrepreneurs have higher survival rate as compared to the younger founders (Tornikoski Kautonen, 2009). Senior entrepreneurship and economic contribution- Senior entrepreneurship has presented an effective option to deal with the issue of shrinking workforce and aging population. There are findings that new ventures generate economic contributions created by the older people. There is a case of PRIME, in which authors found that company got economic success due to the entrepreneurship by the older people. There were substantial economic benefits associated with the senior entrepreneurship i.e. increased potential for innovation, job creation, improvement of technological adaptability etc. This type of entrepreneurship leads a good metrics of success for the organization. On the other hand, other study suggests that firm created by the senior entrepreneurs might not contribute to the economic success as ageing population can negatively impact on the employment creation. Age of the entrepreneurs is negatively related to the number of the employees in new venture (Manolova, Eunni Gyoshev, 2008). According to the Minniti, (2011), there is the u-shaped relationship between age and choosing entrepreneurship. Further, another empirical analysis is done by Verheul and Van Stel (2007) on the total entrepreneurial activity along with diversity induces i.e. age, gender and education etc. They studied the impact of these entrepreneurial factors on the GDP in 36 countries. They identified that the contribution of entrepreneurship depends upon the level of economic development i.e. in the developing or less developed countries, higher educated and older entrepreneurs are important for the economic growth. The results also reveal that necessity entrepreneurs also have lower contribution in the economic growth (Meier Werding, 2010). Decision process in senior entrepreneurship- Being complexity in the senior entrepreneurship, there is important point of decision making process in the new business venture. Along with the potential benefits, there are some barriers associated with starting of new business venture in the senior entrepreneurship. Kautonen, Tornikoski and Kibler (2009) investigated the impact of attitude, perceived behavior and subjective norms on the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. It is founded that older persons are socially acceptable to become an entrepreneur at any age. Further, Levesque and Minniti (2006) studied some factors for the employment choice i.e. age, wealth and risk aversion which are crucial determinants for being an entrepreneur. By the research, they achieved a negative relationship between the entrepreneurial age and attitude that impact the decision towards entrepreneurship. So, majority of the research indicate that senior Entrepreneurship is that who are above fifty and are involved in creating business. Main id entified barriers which have to face by older people in entrepreneurship are related to the energy, health and productivity as compared to young entrepreneurs. The authors concluded that the trend of senior entrepreneurship is increasing slowly and it has little chances of success (Bloom, Canning, Fink, 2010). Senior entrepreneurship: Good or bad for new venture After observing the literature on senior entrepreneurship, it is analyzed that there are some constraint associated with the self-employment and senior entrepreneurship. There are various factors seem to push back senior entrepreneurial intentions and motivation in the older people such as family and health issues, personal issues, opportunity cost of time, risk and perceived age norms etc (Verheul, Thurik, Hessels Van der Zwan, 2010). On the other hand, some other authors consider that there are some factors such as professional experience, bigger experience, and larger amount of capital for investments and availability of time which support the senior entrepreneurship. In the above discussion of the report, it is described that senior entrepreneurship is becoming effective for the new ventures as compared to the young entrepreneurship. But, everything has some challenges and issues at the initial stage. Despite of the positive points, there are some challenges which have to face b y the senior entrepreneurs while starting new business venture (Kautonen, Down Minniti, 2014). Contemporary issue and challenges of senior entrepreneurship Challenges refer to the difficulties which have to face by senior entrepreneurs while wishing to participate in the business start-up activities. Some of those challenges are described below: Lack of capital- Lack of capital is considered as the main resource limitation in the entrepreneurship and for the senior entrepreneurship, it is not different. The cross-tabulation identifies that 46% of experienced entrepreneurs have to face issue due to the lack of financial capital and stops start-up activities. 73% of senior entrepreneurs have to deal with the issues of the lack of capital. While trying to establish a new business, entrepreneurs might struggle with the access of finance. Of course not, all the older people are able to save the money during their life cycle. Older people only have money in terms of their savings and pension allowance. Along with this, due to their age they have to face discrimination while applying for the credit in the regular banking system (Kautonen, Tornikoski Kibler, 2011). Sometimes, they are asked to subscribe for additional insurance to cover the risk and insurance companies do not want to contract with the older people. Lack of the access of finance is considered as the major challenge in the senior entrepreneurship while older entrepreneurs want to start a new business (Welter, 2011). Regulatory barriers- Creating a new business needs a broad range of reinforcing and supportive policies. These policies include fiscal and monetary policies which are important for the stable macroeconomic environment. Along with this, there are structural policies to determine overall economic framework in which the business will operate such as tax design, financial markets, labor markets and bankruptcy laws. There is the considerable evidence that administrative and regulatory burden impose adversely impact on the senior entrepreneurial activities. There can be legal entry barriers that should be avoided by senior entrepreneurs to achieve benefits of the business. Employment regulations also restrict the flexibility of senior people in the new business venture. There can also challenges in terms entry and exist that cam discourage entrepreneurs in to enter in the market. When the entry of the firm include considerable risk, then it would be difficult to survive the business in the market (Kerr Armstr ong-Stassen, 2011). Self-belief- This can be a significant barrier for the senior entrepreneurship. Experienced entrepreneurs has assumption that self-belief is not a barrier for the new business venture due to high level of self efficiency. But, self-belief can be considered as the barrier due to the lack of experience and lower level of self efficiency. Some people believe that governments rules and regulations create barriers for the senior entrepreneurship which indicates that governments are not promoting the merit of senor entrepreneurship (Oosterbeek, Van Praag Ijsselstein, 2010). Social capital- In the senior entrepreneurship, older entrepreneurs are already retired so they can find it more difficult to build up social networks again which they had during their careers. It is difficult for the entrepreneurs do rebuild the network to operate small home based business. Along with this, it can also be challenging for them to get essential human capital for the older entrepreneurs who are going start a new business in the different industry as compared to the previous employment. For this manner, social capital can be the major challenge for senior entrepreneurship due to the long- term retirement or unemployment. Human capital- In the senior entrepreneurship, the older entrepreneurs enter in the self-employment from the paid employment. Their new start business can be different from their previous occupation so generally they do not have high level of human capital. Along with this, they can also face specific number barriers as there can be the lack of entrepreneurship skills which are required for the success. Further, entrepreneurial skills may be outdated or they have lower level of digital literacy (Hairault, Jean?Olivier, 2010). Conclusion This report focuses on the trends and challenges faced by the senior entrepreneurs while forming a new business joint venture. From the above discussion, it is analyzed that in current time, senior entrepreneurship is very effective in the business venture as compared to the young entrepreneurs. Senior entrepreneurship can be described as the people involved in their own business in the age of 50 to 60. Further, it is also observed that although senior entrepreneurship is effective and new trend but there are some challenges which have to face by the older people. It is not easy for them to form a new business in the different industry. It is analyzed that senior entrepreneurship sometimes contributes in the growth of economy. They have experience and self-efficiency to deal with the business risks while forming a new venture. But there are some challenges in this type of entrepreneurship i.e. lack of human capital, social capital, regulatory barriers, and lack of capital etc. Entrep reneurs have to face discrimination while applying for the credit in the regular banking system. Sometimes, administrative and regulatory burden impose adversely impact on the senior entrepreneurial activities. So, it is clear that senior entrepreneurship is essential for the business ventures and their requirements in terms of human and social capital should be fulfilled on the urgent basis. References Bloom, D. E., Canning, D., Fink, G. (2010), Implications of population ageing for economic growth: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 26(4), 583-612. Hairault, Jean?Olivier (2010), Distance to retirement and older workers employment: The case for delaying the retirement age: Journal of the European Economic Association, (1542-4766), 8 (5), p. 1034 Kautonen, T., (2008), Understanding the older entrepreneur: Comparing third age and prime age entrepreneurs in Finland. International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 3(3), 3-13 Kautonen, T., Down, S., Minniti, M. (2014), Ageing and entrepreneurial preferences: Small Business Economics, 42(3), 579-594 Kautonen, T., Tornikoski, E. T., Kibler, E. (2011), Entrepreneurial intentions in the third age: The impact of perceived age norms. Small Business Economics, 37(2), 219-234 Kerr, G., Armstrong-Stassen, M., (2011), The bridge to retirement older workers engagement in post-career entrepreneurship and wage-and-salary employment: Journal of Entrepreneurship, 20(1), 55-76 Lvesque, M., Minniti, M. (2011), Age matters: how demographics influence aggregate entrepreneurship: Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 5(3), 269-284 Manolova, T. S., Eunni, R. V., Gyoshev, B. S. (2008), Institutional environments for entrepreneurship: Evidence from emerging economies in Eastern Europe: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32(1), 203-218 Maritz, A. (2015), Senior entrepreneurship in australia: An exploratory approach: International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 7(3), 6 Maritz, P.A., Zolin, R., De Waal, G.A., Fisher, R., Perenyi, A., Eager, B., (2015), Senior Entrepreneurship in Australia: Active Ageing and Extending Working Lives Meier, V., Werding, M., (2010), Ageing and the welfare state: securing sustainability: Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 26(4), 655-673 Oosterbeek, H., Van Praag, M., Ijsselstein, A. (2010). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurship skills and motivation. European Economic Review, 54(3), 442-454 Tornikoski, E. T., Kautonen, T., (2009), Enterprise as sunset career? Entrepreneurial intentions in the ageing population: International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 8(2), 278-291 Van Der Zwan, P., Verheul, I., Thurik, R., Grilo, I. (2013), Entrepreneurial progress: Climbing the entrepreneurial ladder in Europe and the United States: Regional Studies, 47(5), 803-825 Verheul, I., Thurik, R., Hessels, J., van der Zwan, P., (2010), Factors influencing the entrepreneurial engagement of opportunity and necessity entrepreneurs: EIM Research Reports, 201011, 1-24 Welter, F., (2011), Contextualizing entrepreneurshipconceptual challenges and ways forward: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35(1), 165-184